Exendin-4, a 39 amino acid peptide, activates GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptors to increase intracellular cAMP in pancreatic acinar cells and has no effect on VIP receptors. Exendin-4 stimulates proliferation of HCAECs through PKVIP(LA)PI3K/Akt-eNOS activation pathways via a GLP-1(glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor-dependent mechanism. Exendin-4, the long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist, is an incretin mimetic approved for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. Studies also demonstrated its neurotrophic/protective activity in cellular and animal models of stroke, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
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